The Effects of the Energy Crisis on Citizens in North Macedonia

This paper examines the socioeconomic effects of the recent energy crisis on citizens in the Republic of North Macedonia, focusing on household living standards, affordability of basic services, and perceptions of government support measures. Drawing on primary data from a nationwide survey and supported by secondary statistical indicators, the study identifies significant negative impacts on household budgets, energy affordability, transportation, food security, and overall quality of life. The findings reveal pronounced disparities across income levels, regions, age groups, and educational attainment, underscoring the need for targeted and transparent policy interventions to mitigate energy poverty and protect vulnerable populations. This study contributes to the existing literature in three key ways. First, it provides original survey-based evidence on the household-level socioeconomic effects of the energy crisis in a small, import-dependent economy. Second, it highlights the unequal distribution of impacts across income groups, regions, and demographic characteristics, demonstrating how the crisis intensified pre-existing vulnerabilities. Third, it offers policy-relevant insights into citizen perceptions of government support measures, emphasizing the importance of transparency, targeting, and long-term energy resilience.